Flightdeck Friday: P4M Mercator & Cold War Recce

In 1992, your humble scribe was assigned to the Defense Intelligence Agency on his first Joint Penance Tour.  As the Airborne Recce desk guy, he had responsibility for air breathers charged with a variety of "ints" to collect.  One of the tasks he ended up on was a review of recce missions gone bad -- where plane and/or crew disappeared due to a variety of factors, including hostile action.  This account was one of the first he came across while compiling data for the study and it stuck with him through the years. 
- SJS

212L/0812Z 16 June 1959. 78 nm east of Wonsan, North Korea, a P4M Mercator assigned to VQ-1 (BuNo 122209) is conducting another “ferret” mission in international airspace over the Sea of Japan. At the controls are LCDRs Don Mayer and Vince Anania. Fours hours into the mission a pair of silver MiG-17s approach the Mercator from high-astern, already commencing attack runs. Opening fire on the P4M the fighters make a series of attacks, striking and seriously wounding the gunner on the second pass. 

    
Diving from an operating altitude of 6500 ft, the Mercator strains for the presumed safety of the deck. The attackers continue until the P4m levels off fifty feet above the water, two engines out and severely damaged, barely staying airborne. Breaking off their attacks the MiGs head back to North Korea while the crew of the Mercator struggle and pray to get the aircraft back to the Japanese airbase at Miho, a top cover of USAF fighters finally overhead to provide escort duties. This crew was fortunate – unlike another P4M crew shot down off Shanghai with the loss of all hands back in 1956, BuNo 122209 would make it back to base, though not to fly again. Thus was another entry made in the blood log of the Cold War reconnaissance missions flown by Navy, Air Force and other Service and Agency crews during the Cold War.

One of the first platforms specifically modified for this mission was the Martin P4M Mercator. Originally conceived and fielded in competition with the better known Lockheed P2V Neptune, the Mercator was bought in a relatively small quantity and subsequently modified to the electronic reconnaissance mission or ELINT, with the designation of P4M-1Q. Assigned to VQ-1 (Pacific) and VQ-2 (Atlantic) the Mercator was well regarded by the crews who flew it. Larger than the Neptune and powered by a hybrid power plant consisting of two Pratt & Whitney R4360 Wasp Major 28-cylinder radial engines and a pair of J-33 turbojets (De Havilland Goblin clones), fitted in the rear of the two enlarged engine nacelles, the intakes being beneath and behind the radial engines. Using these for take-offs and other portions of the mission requiring extra boost, the P4M was 100 knots faster than its Lockheed rival when using the auxiliary jet engines. The jets, like those on most other piston/jet hybrids, burned gasoline, not jet fuel.

 

With a fuselage built around a large bomb bay, the Mercator had ample room for a host of ELINT gear, supporting antennas and the crew to man it. Up front, pilots particularly enjoyed the view provided from the convex canopy and comfortable seating positions, essential for the 8+hour missions the ferrets flew. Heavy defensive armament was fitted, with two 20 mm cannon in an Emerson nose turret and a Martin tail turret, and two 0.5 in (12.7 mm) machine-guns in a Martin dorsal turret. Side window gun positions were part of the original design but later discarded.

The ELINT mission was a necessary, but perilous one Sometimes it consisted of just drilling holes off the coast of countries of interest, collecting whatever signals may be in the air. Other times missions were flown in a manner to deliberately provoke a response in an attempt to collect against special air defense emitters. It was a necessary mission as in those days the nuclear strike capability of the US was limited to long-range bombers that would have to penetrate the thickets of air defense radars and fighters to deliver their weapons. Other aircraft flying the mission included PB4Ys, RB-29s and RB-50s, and RB-45s, as well as C-47s camouflaged as transports, all suffering losses as well. Later, more specialized aircraft would assume the mission with the appearance of the U-2, SR-71, RC-135 and EP-3.

Besides the Mercator lost off Shanghai and the other that successfully recovered in Japan, a third Mercator was lost over the Mediterranean when it crashed at sea with the loss of all hands after successfully evading Soviet MiGs over the Ukraine when it ran out of fuel.   Entering service in 1950, by 1960, the Mercator had been replaced in VQ-1 and -2 with the EA-3B Skywarrior. There are no known examples left.

In Honor of those who served in the shadows and paid the ultimate price

NSA: National Vigilence Park

A Dangerous Business: The U. S. Navy and National Reconnaissance During the Cold War
(NSA Historical Publication)

Next week: It floats, it flys, it delivers nukes and was the Navy's hedge and presumed answer to the B-52 -- the P6M Seamaster

Comments

[Jim Edixon pilot]

VQ-1 and prior units 1951 to 1955 had an
excellent safety record in spite of several
Mig attacks. At night the Migs had a problem
getting lined up for an attack if the P4M
got low doing tight turns.This also prevent-
a radar directed attack.
The loss of P4M 124362 in 1956 was the re-
sult of following operational directive to
maintain course and speed!
Tracers lighting up the night were a good
deterrence.